28TH SEP 2024
Credential stuffing is like a thief with a stolen keychain. Hackers use stolen usernames and passwords from one breach to unlock accounts on multiple sites, counting on people reusing their credentials. With automation, they try thousands in seconds—hoping one key fits, leading to unauthorized access and identity theft. Fortunately, with some common tips, you can detect credential stuffing attacks and prevent them.
Credential stuffing is a type of automated cyberattack where stolen usernames and passwords are used to gain unauthorized access to accounts. By inserting these credentials into a system’s login fields, attackers aim to carry out an Account Takeover (ATO) for fraudulent purposes.
Among the many types of cyberattacks, credential stuffing stands out as one of the most widespread and successful. Its effectiveness lies in the common practice of users reusing the same usernames and passwords across multiple platforms. Once an attacker obtains valid login details for one account, they rapidly test them on other systems, hoping the same credentials will work.
According to estimates, credential stuffing attacks have a success rate of 0.1% to 4%, making them a persistent threat.
A credential stuffing attack typically follows these three steps:
Data Acquisition: The attacker obtains a user’s login credentials, either from a data breach or through purchase on the dark web.
Automation: Using automated tools, hackers then “stuff” these credentials into login attempts across numerous websites to identify matches.
Exploitation: Successful logins allow attackers to steal sensitive data or misuse the account for malicious activities.
While credential stuffing involves the use of known login credentials, a brute force attack relies on guessing credentials by trying various combinations of usernames and passwords. Brute force attacks are often easier to detect due to the high volume of login attempts from the same IP address. In contrast, credential stuffing is more discreet, as only one login attempt is made per system, and IP address spoofing can be used to further obscure the attacker's identity.
Password spraying differs from both credential stuffing and brute force attacks. In password spraying, hackers take a list of valid email addresses and test common passwords across different accounts. This method exploits the weak passwords often used in combination with email addresses as usernames.
Here’s a breakdown of the typical stages involved in a credential stuffing attack:
Data Collection: The attacker gathers compromised login credentials from data breaches, public sources, or the dark web. Alongside credentials, they may also acquire website URLs, APIs, and information about web services.
Automation: Using readily available tools, hackers automate the attack. These tools can bypass CAPTCHAs, hide IP addresses, and adjust to any security measures the target system may have in place.
Infrastructure: The attack is set up, potentially involving a distributed workload across various participants who may not even be aware of the larger operation.
Execution: The credential stuffing attack is launched, and the attacker waits for successful login results, generating a list of compromised accounts.
Exploitation: With successful logins, the attacker gains access to accounts, allowing for identity theft, financial fraud, or further attacks such as phishing.
Several high-profile companies have fallen victim to credential stuffing attacks, leading to significant financial and reputational damage. Some notable cases include:
HSBC (2018): A major credential stuffing attack put clients’ financial data at risk.
DailyMotion (2019): The video platform had to shut down after an attack for a period of time.
Dunkin’ Donuts (2019): The company faced two large-scale credential stuffing attacks within a span of three months.
Okta (2024): The password management platform became target of credential stuffing attacks.
Availability of Credentials: Attackers can easily access vast databases of stolen login information. For example, the Collection 1-5 database contains over 22 billion usernames and passwords.
Technological Advancements: Tools like headless browsers and IP spoofing make it easier for hackers to automate and disguise their attacks.
Low Entry Barrier: With minimal investment, even inexperienced hackers can launch a credential stuffing attack.
Increase in Remote Work: The pandemic accelerated the adoption of online services, creating more opportunities for credential stuffing attacks.
Difficulty in Detection: Since valid credentials are used, distinguishing between legitimate users and attackers is challenging, emphasizing the importance of detecting credential stuffing early.
Credential stuffing leads to billions of dollars in losses for businesses and consumers. In addition to the direct costs of data breaches, companies can face hefty fines for failing to comply with data protection regulations.
Enable Multi-Factor Authentication (MFA): Adding a second layer of authentication—such as biometrics or one-time passwords—makes it much harder for attackers to succeed, even if they have the correct credentials.
Implement Strong IT Hygiene: Continuous monitoring for unusual activity, such as repeated login attempts from an unfamiliar IP address, is crucial. Blocking suspicious IPs can prevent attacks.
Proactive Threat Hunting: Organizations should actively seek out potential threats, particularly from advanced persistent threat (APT) actors, to strengthen their defenses against credential stuffing.
Educate Users on Password Security: Ensure employees understand the importance of strong, unique passwords for every account. Using a password manager and avoiding password reuse are key to minimizing risk.
Credential stuffing is a growing threat that takes advantage of poor password hygiene, putting both individuals and businesses at risk. To combat this, it's critical to adopt strong security measures, including multi-factor authentication and regular monitoring. Investing in a cybersecurity awareness training platform can help employees develop robust password practices, minimizing vulnerabilities.
They do say that prevention goes a long way, which is why it is important to know how to detect credential stuffing attacks before they can become a problem.
